The saga of psychoanalysis in Eastern Europe: repression and rebirth in Hungary, and in former Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia / A saga da psicoanálise no leste eutopeu: repressão e renascimento na Hungria e nas antigas Tchecoslováquia e Iugoslávia

Abstract The paper shortly presents the early roles of Budapest, Prague, and Belgrade in the development of psychoanalytic movement in Central-Europe before the Second World War. Mapping this historical heritage, it suggests how psychoanalysts of former Soviet Bloc countries could restore their own psychoanalytic communities. The study investigates the consequences of these dictatorial and authoritarian regimes for psychoanalysis and for psychoanalysts focusing on similarities and differences in Hungary, in former Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. Furthermore, it emphasizes the contribution of the international professional organizations - the International Psychoanalytic Association, and the European Psychoanalytic Federation - for reintegration of Budapest, Prague, and Belgrade to the international psychoanalytic community.

Resumo O artigo apresenta brevemente os papéis de Budapeste, Praga e Belgrado no desenvolvimento do movimento psicoanalítico na Europa central antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. Mapeando essa herança histórica, o artigo sugere como psicanalistas do antigo bloco soviético puderam restaurar suas próprias comunidades psicoanalíticas. O estudo investiga as consequências desses regimes ditatoriais e autoritários para a psicanálise e para os psicanalistas focalizando as semelhanças e diferenças na Hungria e nas antigas Tchecoslováquia e Iugoslávia. Além disso, destaca a contribuição das organizações profissionais internacionais - a International Psychoanalytic Association e a European Psychoanalytic Federation - na reintegração de Budapeste, Praga e Belgrado à comunidade psicoanalítica internacional.

Manifest and latent relations between intracranial capacity and cephalofacial indexes / Relaciones manifiestas y latentes entre la capacidad intracraneal e índices cefalofaciales

The goals of this study were to find the average intracranial capacity of the living male-entities of Kosovo Albanian population, to define cephalofacial indexes and their interrelations with intracranial capacity and to explore their latent structure. Eight cephalofacial variables have been measured in 571 male entities of the Kosovo Albanian population, aged 18-35 years old. Of these measurements, 6 cephalofacial indexes and intracranial capacity were calculated. According to the results of Table it can be concluded that most of Albanian males from Kosovo have long, wide and average height head, as well as most of them have brachiocephalic head, low hypsicephalic, and tapeinocephalic head, with intracranial capacity 1379.2cc. Regression Analyzes show that among other cephalofacial indexes, vertical cephalic index and transversal cephalic index have higher predictive influence on size of the intracranial capacity (VCI=1.764; TCI=-1.45).The possibility of the prediction of Intracranial Capacity (ICC) based on the values of VCI and TCI argues their joint projection on the first extracted latent factor, which has been nominated as factor of the head volume. The latent structure of the cephalofacial indexes consists of three latent factors: 1) factor of the head volume; 2) facial factor; 3) cephalic factor...

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron conocer la capacidad intracraneal (CIC) media en hombres de población Albanesa de Kosovo, para definir los índices cefalofaciales y sus interrelaciones con la CIC, así como para explorar su estructura latente. Ocho variables cefalofaciales fueron medidas en 571 hombres de población Albanesa de Kosovo, con edades entre 18-35 años. A partir de estas mediciones se calcularon 6 índices cefalofaciales y CIC. De acuerdo con el primer objetivo, la mayoría de los hombres Albaneses de Kosovo tienen una cabeza larga, ancha y de altura media, así como la mayoría de ellos son braquiocefálicos, hipsicefálicos leves y de cabeza tapeinocefálica, con CIC de 1379,2cc. El análisis de regresión muestra que entre otros índices cefalofaciales, el índice cefálico vertical (ICV) e índice cefálico transversal (ICT) tienen la mayor influencia de predicción del tamaño de la capacidad intracraneal (ICV = 1,764; ICT = -1,45). La posibilidad de la predicción del ICV e ICT sobre la CIC, argumentan su proyección (junto con CIC) sobre el primer factor latente extraído, el cual ha sido denominado factor del volumen de la cabeza. La estructura latente de los índices cefalofaciales está constituida por tres factores latentes: 1) el factor del volumen de la cabeza, 2) el factor facial y 3) el factor cefálico...

Physical characteristics at different ages / Características físicas en diferentes edades

The purpose of this study was to study, observe, and clarify the dynamics of physical growth, as well as changes of some morphometrical and physiological variables of Kosovo population. 17,894 males from Kosovo between 6 and 51 years of age and older, were measured: body height, body weight, BMI, systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, heart rate, and VO max were recorded. The measurement data were processed through these descriptive statistical parameters: Mean, Standard-Deviation and the Coefficient of Variation, SD shows the similar dispersion of results between one age and another. CV signifies the reliability of the measurements that were carried out. The curve of body height for individuals between 6 and 17 years of age shows increases, for individuals between 18 and 40 years of age shows stable values, while for indiividuals above 40 years of age indicate a decrease.Body height difference between adults shows that adultsbetween 18 and 30 years old have the higher body height values, compared with the other two groups of tested adults. Body weight for individualsbetween 6 and 50 years old shows consistent increase of value. In individuals above 51 years of age, body weight decreases rapidly. According to BMIvalues individuals between 6 and 13 years of age were underweight. Those between 14 and 35 years of age, as well as those above 51 years of age showed normal weight. On the other hand, those between 36 and 50 years of age were slightly overweight. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure values were higher as age increased, however were not above normal values. The best results of HR and VO2max were reported in adults between 19 and 27 years of age.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar, observar, y para aclarar la dinámica de crecimiento físico, así como los cambios de algunas variables morfométricas y fisiológicas de la población de Kosovo. En 17.894 hombres en Kosovo, de entre 6 y 51 años, se tomaron las siguientes medidas: Altura y peso corporal, IMC, presiones sistólica y diastólica, frecuencia cardíaca, VO2 máx. Los datos fueron procesados a través de los siguientes parámetros estadísticos descriptivos: media, desviación estándar y coeficiente de variación. La DS muestra la dispersión de los resultados de acuerdo a la edad. CV determina la fiabilidad de las mediciones que se hicieron. La curva de la altura del cuerpo entre 6-17 años de edad aumentó entre los 18 y 40 años de edad, mientras que para individuos de más de 40 años la curva disminuye. La altura corporal mostró que los adultos entre 18-30 años son más altos, en comparación con otros dos grupos. El peso corporal aumenta desde los 6 a los 50 años edad, mientras que después de los 51 años se produce rápidamente su disminución. De acuerdo a los valores de IMC, los individuos entre 6-13 años de edad presentaban bajo peso. Los individuos entre 14-35 años y superiores a 51 años presentaban un peso normal. Los individuos entre 36-50 años, presentaron un ligero sobrepeso. Aumentaron las presiones sistólica y diastólica de acuerdo a la edad, pero no por encima del valor normal. Los mejores resultados de la frecuencia cardiaca y VO2máx se alcanzaron en los adultos entre 19 y 27 años.

Implementation of monitoring for genetically modified rapeseed in Serbia

Genetically modified (GMO) rapeseed (Brassica napus) is not grown commercially in European Union, but several lines have been approved for production and use as food and feed. A case-specific monitoring of herbicide-tolerant rapeseed, events RT73, RF3 and T45 was established by Ministry of Agriculture of Republic of Serbia. The objectives of the present study were to introduce methods for detection of herbicide-tolerant GM oilseed rape, investigate occurrence and monitor the presence of GM rapeseed in seed and the feed products, as well as to develop a protocol for quantification. The study was based on 48 samples, rapeseed (33) and feed (15) products, imported from EU countries (Germany, Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Austria) and from domestic market. Seven positive feed samples and no positive seed samples have found. The percent of GMO in feed samples, estimated on semi-quantitative way, was below labelling threshold. Adventitious presence of GM materials in non-GM grain, derived food and feedstuffs is a concern to international grain trade and needs continuous monitoring.

Molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacter baumannii in central intensive care unit in Kosova teaching hospital

Infections caused by bacteria of genus Acinetobacter pose a significant health care challenge worldwide. Information on molecular epidemiological investigation of outbreaks caused by Acinetobacter species in Kosova is lacking. The present investigation was carried out to enlight molecular epidemiology of Acinetobacterbaumannii in the Central Intensive Care Unit (CICU) of a University hospital in Kosova using pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). During March - July 2006, A. baumannii was isolated from 30 patients, of whom 22 were infected and 8 were colonised. Twenty patients had ventilator-associated pneumonia, one patient had meningitis, and two had coinfection with bloodstream infection and surgical site infection. The most common diagnoses upon admission to the ICU were politrauma and cerebral hemorrhage. Bacterial isolates were most frequently recovered from endotracheal aspirate (86.7 percent). First isolation occurred, on average, on day 8 following admission (range 1-26 days). Genotype analysis of A. baumannii isolates identified nine distinct PFGE patterns, with predominance of PFGE clone E represented by isolates from 9 patients. Eight strains were resistant to carbapenems. The genetic relatedness of Acinetobacter baumannii was high, indicating cross-transmission within the ICU setting. These results emphasize the need for measures to prevent nosocomial transmission of A. baumannii in ICU.

Cephalofacial morphological characteristics of Albanian Kosova population

Although the human race must be regarded as a unit intellectually and physically, from the anthropologists' viewpoint the particular set of bones most often measured for purposes of racial classification are those of the head. The aim of the present work was to determine some relevant cephalofacial parameters, particularly in relation to sex and to study the distribution of basic head and face types of a Kosova Albanian population. The study sample comprised 754 subjects of both sex (561 male and 193 female) aged 18 to 35 from Kosova. Five basic cephalofacial variables were measured to obtain the head and face indexes. Statistically significant differences between two treated groups, according to sex, were found almost in all measured cephalofacial variables. Such proportional differences did not influence only the Total Facial index. According to the horizontal cephalic Index the head of the treated subjects (51.9 percent males, 46.1 percent females) mainly belongs to brachiocephalic type; According to the vertical cephalic Index 48.4 percent of the treated male entities and 40.4 percent of the female entities belongs to the type with low hypsicephalic head. According to the transverse cephalic Index both treated entities mainly (male 66.8 percent and female 75.1 percent) belongs to the group with tapeinocephalic type of the head. According to the total facial index the treated male entities are mainly distributed in two types of the face: leptoprosop type (31.2 percent) and hyperleptoprosop type (31.6 percent), whereas the female entities are mostly (48.7 percent) concentrated in hyperleptoprosop facial type.

A pesar que la raza humana debe considerarse como una unidad intelectual y físicamente hablando, desde el punto de vista de los antropólogos, la particular serie de huesos que con mayor frecuencia son medidos para efectos de clasificación racial, son los de la cabeza. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar algunos parámetros cefalofaciales pertinentes, en particular los relacionados con el sexo, para estudiar la distribución básica del tipo de cabeza y cara en una población albanesa de Kosovo. La muestra del estudio fue de 754 sujetos, de ambos sexos (561 varones y 193 mujeres), entre 18 y 35 años, de Kosovo. Cinco variables cefalofaciales básicas fueron medidas para obtener índices de la cabeza y cara. Diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos estudiados, de acuerdo al sexo, se encontraron casi en todas las variables cefalofaciales medidas. Estas diferencias proporcionales no sólo influyen en el índice facial total. Según el índice cefálico horizontal de la cabeza de los sujetos estudiados (51,9 por ciento hombres, 46,1 por ciento mujeres), principalmente pertenecen al tipo braquiocefálico. De acuerdo con el índice cefálico vertical el 48,4 por ciento de los varones estudiados y el 40,4 por ciento de las mujeres pertenecen al tipo de cabeza con hipsicefalia baja. Según el índice cefálico transversal ambos grupos de sujetos estudiados (66,8 por ciento varones y mujeres 75,1 por ciento) presentan principalmente cabeza tapeinocefálica. Según el índice facial total de los varones estudiados se distribuyen principalmente en dos tipos de cara: tipo leptoprosopo (31,2 por ciento) y tipo hiperleptoprosopo (31,6 por ciento), mientras que la mayoría de las mujeres (48,7 por ciento) se concentraron en el tipo facial hiperleptoprosopo.

Risk factors for esophageal cancer in Serbia.

AIM: To establish the role of specified risk factors in the etiology of squamous cell carcinoma of esophagus in Serbia. METHODS: The hospital based case-control study included 102 newly diagnosed patients with squamous cell esophageal cancer and the same number of age and sex matched hospital controls. In the analysis of data conditional univariate and multivariate logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: The factors significantly related to cancer of esophagus were: smoking (OR=2.0, 95%CI 1.0-4.2), daily consumption of hard liquor (OR=7.5, 95%CI 2.8-20.0), low educational level (OR=4.7, 95%CI 2.2-10.0), occupational exposure to chemicals (OR=3.7, 95%CI 1.6-9.0), malignant tumors in family history (OR=3.6, 95%CI 1.6-9.0), consumption of wine (OR=0.1, 95%CI 0.1-0.3,) and non-carbonated beverages (OR=0.3, 95%CI 0.2-0.7). CONCLUSIONS: Hard liquor and tobacco appear to be the important risk factors for development of squamous cell esophageal cancer in Serbia, whereas wine and non-carbonated beverages may play a protective role.

Evaluación del Programa de Educación para la Salud en el tratamiento estomatológico de mujeres embarazadas en la ciudad de Nis, Serbia / Evaluation of the Health Education Program for the dental treatment of pregnant women in the Nis city, Serbia

Introducción: Para mantener y mejorar la salud oral en pacientes embarazadas es necesario implementar programas de educación para la salud. El presente estudio trata de evaluar los resultados obtenidos en un programa de educación para la salud bucal en mujeres durante el segundo trimestre de embarazo. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la implementación de un programa de educación para la salud bucal en mujeres embarazadas. Material y métodos: El estudio fue realizado en el Centro de Salud del Distrito de Nis-Serbia, en pacientes embarazadas durante el segundo trimestre de embarazo. Se formaron 3 grupos de estudio; 1 grupo experimental y 2 grupos control. Resultados: El programa demostró resultados estadísticamente significativos en cuanto a prevención y actividades educativas. Las pacientes cambiaron su conducta, hábitos y actitudes en relación a nutrición, higiene oral, prevención de caries y visitas al odontólogo. Conclusión: Los programas de educación para la salud pueden lograr cambios no sólo en las mujeres embarazadas en cuanto a comportamiento, hábitos y actitudes sino también en sus descendientes.

Introduction: In order to maintain and improve oral health in pregnant woman it is needed to implement health educational programs. This study evaluates obtained results of an educational program for oral health in pregnant woman in their second trimester of their gestational period. Purpose. To evaluate the effect of the educational oral health program in pregnant woman: Material and methods: the study was carried out at the Nis Health Centre, Serbia, in pregnant woman in their second trimester of their gestational period. Three study groups of 60 each were assigned one experimental and two control groups. Results: The obtained data was statistically significant in respect to prevention and educational activities. The participants changed their behavior, habits and attitude towards nutrition, oral hygiene, caries prevention and dental visits. Conclusion: Health educational programs can achieve change not only in pregnant women behavior, habits, and attitude but also are benefical to their offspring.

JP-3 gene polymorphism in a healthy population of Serbia and Montenegro.

Expansions of CTG repeats in JP-3 gene are associated with a phenotype similar to Huntington disease. These expansions are the cause of Huntington disease like-2 (HDL-2) phenotype. CTG repeats in JP-3 gene are polymorphic in healthy population. Analyses of CTG repeat polymorphism of JP-3 gene in various healthy populations could help in estimating the population at risk for developing HDL-2. CTG repeat polymorphism of JP-3 gene was analysed in healthy population of Serbia and Montenegro. Study included 198 unrelated subjects. Analyses of JP-3 locus were performed using PCR and sequencing. Six different JP-3 alleles were obtained and they were in the range of 11 to 18 CTG repeats showing a bimodal distribution, with peaks at 14 and 16. Results show that the distribution of JP-3 alleles in population of Serbia and Montenegro is consistent with distributions in other analysed populations. The absence of alleles with more then 18 CTG repeats suggests that HDL-2 is very rare in the populations of Serbia and Montenegro.

Epidemiology of diseases caused by Streptococcus pyogenes in Serbia during a nine-year period (1991-1999).

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus - GAS) is an important human pathogen which causes a variety of diseases, including tonsillopharyngitis, scarlet fever and rheumatic fever. It is important to understand the changes in epidemiology of the diseases caused by the pathogen for improved control of such infections. Hence, the aim of the present study was to carry out an epidemiological analysis of GAS infections in Serbia in a 9-yr period (1991-1999) and evaluation of susceptibility of GAS isolates obtained during the same period to penicillin and erythromycin. METHODS: Occurrence of tonsillopharyngitis, scarlatina and rheumatic fever was analyzed and GAS carrier status in healthy children was examined over a 9-yr period from 1991 to 1999. Susceptibility to penicillin and erythromycin was determined for 1657 GAS isolates obtained from patients diagnosed with pharyngitis or scarlet fever and 512 isolates from healthy carriers. M-type antigen was also determined in these isolates. RESULTS: The average incidences of tonsillopharyngitis and scarlet fever were 76.2 and 30.8 per cent respectively. A total of 166 cases of rheumatic fever were registered. Per cent of carriers varied from 5.5 to 11.4 per cent over the study period. Predominating M serotypes among GAS isolates tested were M1, M3, M4, M6, M11, M12 and M18, depending on the source of clinical material and period of isolation. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed susceptibility to penicillin in all isolates tested and resistance to erythromycin in 2.41 per cent of the isolates. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: Although the fluctuations in incidence were noted during the nine-year period, the incidence of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis is low but with a steady raise in Serbia. No significant changes in the incidence of scarlet fever and rheumatic fever were noted. Susceptibility to penicillin remained unchanged, but the number or erythromycin resistant strains have increased.

A Clinical Case Report of Hydatid Cyst of Liver / 영남의대학술지

In humans, echinococcal species produce cystic lesions primarily involving the liver and lung. Echinococcal infection is caused far more commonly by Echinococcus granulosa than by E. multilocularis, which accounts for less than 5 percent of all cases of hydatid liver disease. Hydatid disease occurs principally in sheep grazing areas, particularly in the Australia, New Zealand, Greece, Yugoslavia, Middle East, and South American countries, but with increasing migration and traveling, this disease now has a worldwide distribution. This disease is rare in Korea and only few cases have been reported. This is a clinical case report of hydatid cyst of liver caused by Echinococcus granulosus in a 52-year-old man who had been dispatched in the Vietnam from 1966 to 1968.

A Field Efficacy Trial of Inactivated Hantaan Virus Vaccine (Hantavax(TM)) Against Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in the Endemic Areas of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 1998

In Yugoslavia, homorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is one of the important national health problem, but no vaccine has been used to prevent HFRS. Since first HFRS case in 1952, sporadic cases of HFRS occurred every year and over 4,000 registered cases with 1~16% mortality so far. We performed a prospective, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Hantavax(TM) against HFRS in 3,900 healthy adults living in the endemic areas of Yugoslavia. 1,900 people were given 0.5 ml of Hantavax subcutaneously twice at one month interval and a booster shot at one year after. For controls other 2,000 healthy people were given 0.5 ml of physiolosical saline as a placebo. We investigated HFRS cases in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups by monitoring the program for patient registration in the areas from 1996 to 1998, and the effect of vaccine was analyzed epidemiologically No confirmed case of HFRS was observed among 1,900 Hantavax vaccinees, while 20 confirmed cases were observed among 2,000 nonvaccinated control group. There were no remarkable side effects among the vaccinees either locally or in general after inoculation of the vaccine. The Hantavax vaccine showed statistically significant protective efficacy against HFRS among Yugoslavian people.

A Field Efficacy Trial of Inactivated Hantaan Virus Vaccine (Hantavax(TM)) Against Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS) in the Endemic Areas of Yugoslavia from 1996 to 1998

In Yugoslavia, homorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is one of the important national health problem, but no vaccine has been used to prevent HFRS. Since first HFRS case in 1952, sporadic cases of HFRS occurred every year and over 4,000 registered cases with 1~16% mortality so far. We performed a prospective, randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of Hantavax(TM) against HFRS in 3,900 healthy adults living in the endemic areas of Yugoslavia. 1,900 people were given 0.5 ml of Hantavax subcutaneously twice at one month interval and a booster shot at one year after. For controls other 2,000 healthy people were given 0.5 ml of physiolosical saline as a placebo. We investigated HFRS cases in both the vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups by monitoring the program for patient registration in the areas from 1996 to 1998, and the effect of vaccine was analyzed epidemiologically No confirmed case of HFRS was observed among 1,900 Hantavax vaccinees, while 20 confirmed cases were observed among 2,000 nonvaccinated control group. There were no remarkable side effects among the vaccinees either locally or in general after inoculation of the vaccine. The Hantavax vaccine showed statistically significant protective efficacy against HFRS among Yugoslavian people.

Microtine Rodent-Borne Hantavirus from Poland and Korea: Molecular Characterization and Phylogenetic Analysis

Based on the geographic range and distribution of its rodent reservoir host, the European common vole (Microtus arvalis), Tula virus is likely to be widespread throughout Eurasia. Tula virus-infected voles have been captured in Central Russia, Austria, Czech and Slovak Republics, and the former Yugoslavia. Although serologic evidence for Hantaan (HTN) or Seoul (SEO) virus infection can be found in the vast majority of the more than 300 cases of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) occurring annually in Korea, approximately 4% of Korean patients with HFRS show a more than 4-fold higher antibody titer to Puumala (PUU) virus than to HTN or SEO virus by double-sandwich IgM ELISA, suggesting the existence of pathogenic Puumala-related hantaviruses in Korea. To further define the geographic distribution and genetic diversity of Tula virus in Eurasia and to investigate the existence of previously unrecognized Microtus-borne hantavirus in Korea, arvicolid rodents were captured in Lodz, Poland in 1995 and in Yunchon-kun, Kyungki-do during April to May, 1998. In addition, sera from 18 Korean HFRS patients who showed higher (or the same) antibody titer to Tula virus than HTN and SEO viruses were examined for hantavirus RNA by RT-PCR. Hantaviral sequences were not detected in any of the 18 patients or in 35 reed voles (Microtus fortis) in Korea. Alignment and comparison of a 208-nucleotide region of the S segment, amplified from lung tissues of two hantavirus-seropositive M. arvalis captured in Poland, revealed 80.8~83.2% sequence similarity, respectively, with Tula virus strains from Central Russia and the Czech and Slovak Republics. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the newfound Tula virus strains from Poland were closely related to other Tula hantaviruses from Eurasia.

Detection of Trichinella by various methods in Yugoslavia.

From studies performed on experimentally infected pigs, it was possible to conclude that enzymatic digestion methods are superior to trichinoscopy for inspection of pork for the presence of Trichinella spiralis. The analyses included comparative examination of samples taken from five different parts of diaphragm tissue.

Epidemiological survey of trichinellosis in Yugoslavia.

In a long term epidemiological survey that included different hosts for Trichinella spiralis among wild and domestic animals, the parasitological and serological screening revealed a high number of positive animals. The incidence of T. spiralis in grazing pigs was high, 21.76% (170 examined) but most of positive animals were lightly infected (0.016-0.02 l/g). While out of 2,394 pigs raised in small private farms, 1.67% were positive with high infection rates, none of the pigs raised on a modern breeding and fattening farm were seropositive. A repeated survey in grazing pigs performed five years later and in the same area, showed the prevalence of seropositive pigs to be still high (22% of 100 examined pigs). The same data were confirmed by detection of specific anti-Trichinella antibodies in Western blotting procedure. One of 2,031 serologically (IgG-ELISA) examined horses from Croatia reacted positively with very high OD values. Different characteristics of biological patterns (RCI, female fecundity, capsule formation, isoenzyme analysis) were found between two well distinguished groups of isolates. The first group consisted of well defined T1 isolates with patterns described by the Reference Centre for Trichinellosis, Rome, Italy. The data obtained by isoenzyme analysis of the representative sylvatic isolate were comparable to T3 characteristics of isolates from foxes in Italy.

Epidemiology and diagnosis of sarcocystosis.

The studies included a total of 788 swine, of which 395 animals were raised on state farms and 393 on privately owned farms. Using artificial digestion (by trypsin) of diaphragm muscles, cystozoites were detected in 193 swine; 24.49% out of 788 animals examined. Among the 395 swine raised on state farms, the presence of cystozoites was demonstrated in 63 (15.95%) of the animals, while in 393 swine from privately-owned farms, cystozoites were found in 130 (33.07%) of those examined. By histological methods cystozoites were detected in 43 swine (18.14%) of the tested animals.

Epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in Yugoslavia.

Intensive epidemiological and seroepidemiological studies of Trichinella spiralis infection in swine have been carried out in the borough of Kladovo, one of the four regions in Yugoslavia where trichinellosis is endemic. A high prevalence (4.7%) of trichinellosis was discovered in three neighboring parishes adjoining the bank of the river Danube. Both geographically and epidemiologically these three parishes constitute a very unique condition that is very vulnerable to T. spiralis infection. Studies of 7,409 swine showed that the ELISA test for the detection of specific antibodies to T. spiralis in swine was highly reliable.